Simpatectomía de la arteria radial y ulnar en contexto de úlcera digital secundaria a esclerosis sistémica cutánea localizada / Radial and ulnar artery sympathectomy in the context of digital ulcer secondary to localized cutaneous systemic sclerosis

SPeripheral sympathectomy is a procedure which has shown high rates of decreasing ischemic pain, recover functionality and wound healing, preventing the progression of the disease and further complications. We present a female patient with severe Raynaud´s phenomenon secondary to localized cutaneous systemic sclerosis complicated who presented digital ulcer treated with a sympathectomy of the radial and ulnar artery at the wrist level, undergoing post-operative follow-up.

La sudoración compensatoria como efecto secundario en la cirugía de la hiperhidrosis palmar primaria / Compensatory Sweating as a Side Effect of Surgical Treatment of Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis

Introducción: La sudoración compensatoria es un efecto secundario de la simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica, que tiene una alta incidencia y puede provocar insatisfacción en los pacientes operados. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la sudoración compensatoria en los pacientes en que se les realizó una simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica por hiperhidrosis palmar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, transversal y descriptivo de 42 pacientes que tras la cirugía por hiperhidrosis palmar presentaron sudor compensatorio. Se analizó la incidencia, localización, severidad, afectación de la calidad de vida y nivel de satisfacción. Resultados: Predominó la sudoración compensatoria ligera, la localización en la espalda y el abdomen. Hubo un alto nivel de tolerancia, con solo un paciente insatisfecho y un 100 por ciento de mejoría de la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: La sudoración compensatoria no influyó negativamente en la calidad de vida de los pacientes(AU)

Introduction: Compensatory sweating is a side effect of videothoracoscopic sympathectomy. It presents high incidence and may cause dissatisfaction to operated patients. Objective: To determine the characteristics of compensatory sweating in patients who underwent videothoracoscopic sympathectomy for palmar hyperhidrosis. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out with 42 patients who presented compensatory sweating after surgery for palmar hyperhidrosis. Incidence, location, severity, change in quality of life and level of satisfaction were analyzed. Results: Light compensatory sweating predominated, with location on back and abdomen. There was a high level of tolerance, with only one dissatisfied patient and 100 percent of improvement in quality of life. Conclusions: Compensatory sweating did not influence negatively the patients' quality of life(AU)

Cohort study on 20 years' experience of bilateral video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy (VATS) for treatment of hyperhidrosis in 2431 patients

Abstract BACKGROUND: Primary hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by excessive sweating, inconsistent with the needs for thermoregulation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and the change in the quality of life of patients undergoing bilateral VATS (video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy) for treatment of hyperhidrosis, in a large case series. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study conducted in a tertiary hospital specializing in hyperhidrosis located in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 2,431 patients who underwent surgery consisting of bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy between January 2000 and February 2017 were retrospectively assessed in an outpatient clinic specializing in hyperhidrosis. The patients underwent clinical and quality of life assessments on two occasions: firstly, prior to surgery, and subsequently, one month after the operation. The presence or absence of compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH) and general satisfaction after the first postoperative month were also evaluated. RESULTS: All the patients operated had poor or very poor quality of life before surgery. In the postoperative period, an improvement in the quality of life was observed in more than 90% of the patients. Only 10.7% of the patients did not present CH, and severe CH occurred in 22.1% of the patients in this sample. CONCLUSION: Bilateral VATS is a therapeutic method that decreases the degree of sweating more than 90% of patients with palmar and axillary hyperhidrosis. It improves the quality of life for more than 90% of the patients, at the expense of development of CH in approximately 90% of the patients, but not intensely.

The long-term efficacy of left cardiac sympathetic denervation in long QT syndrome / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the long-term efficacy and safety of left cardiac sympathetic denervation(LCSD) for long QT syndrome(LQTS) patients with either recurrence on drug therapy intolerance/refusal. Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study. The cases selected from 193 patients with LQTS who were enrolled in the Chinese Channelopathy Registry Study from November 1999 to November 2012. This study selected 28 LQTS patients with either recurrence on drug therapy intolerance/refusal and underwent LCSD surgery in the Peking University People's Hospital or Beijing Tongren Hospital. The patients were allocated into 3 groups: high-risk group(n=13, baseline QTc ≥550 ms or symptomatic in the first year of life or highly malignant genetics); intermediate-risk group(n=10, 500 ms≤baseline QTc<550 ms, symptomatic after the first year and without highly malignant genetics); low-risk group(n=5, baseline QTc<500 ms, symptomatic after the first year and without highly malignant genetics). LCSD was performed with the traditional supraclavicular approach or video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Patients were regularly followed up until 20 years after the surgery. Data were collected before and 1 year after surgery and at the last follow-up. Patients' electrocardiograph(ECG), cardiac events and surgery-related complications were recorded. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to determine the cardiac event-free survival based on different risk stratification and genotypes. Results: A total of 28 LQTS patients, aged 20.5 (15.0, 37.5) and underwent LCSD surgery, were enrolled in this study, including 23(82.1%) women. There were 11(39.3%) patients treated with traditional approach while 17(60.7%) with VATS-LCSD. There were 19(67.9%) patients had positive genetic test results, including 4 LQT1, 12 LQT2, 1 LQT1/LQT2 mixed type, and 2 Jervell-Lange-Nielsen (JLN) syndrome. The median follow-up period was 189.3(138.7, 204.9) months. The dropout rate was 10.7%(3/28) while 3 patients in the intermediate-risk group were lost to follow-up. Horner syndrome occurred in 1 patient (in the high-risk group). Sudden cardiac deaths were observed in 3 (12.0%) patients (all in the high-risk group), and 12 patients (48.0%) had syncope recurrences (2 in low-risk group, 3 in intermediate-risk group and 7 in high-risk group). A significant reduction in the mean yearly episodes of cardiac events was observed, from (3.5±3.3) before LCSD to(0.2±0.1) at one year after LCSD and (0.5±0.8) at last follow up(P<0.001). The mean QTc was shortened from (545.7±51.2)ms before the surgery to (489.0±40.1)ms at the last follow-up (P<0.001). Among the 20 patients with basic QTc ≥500 ms and completing the follow-up, the QTc intervals of 11(55.0%) patients were shortened to below 500 ms. The event free survival rates for any cardiac events after LCSD decreased sequentially in the low-, intermediate- and high-risk groups, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=7.24, log-rank P=0.026). No difference was found in the event free survival rates among LQT1, LQT2 and undefined gene patients (χ²=5.20, log-rank P>0.05). Conclusions: LCSD surgery can reduce the incidence of cardiac events and shorten the QTc interval in patients with LQTS after the long-term follow-up. LCSD surgery is effective and safe for patients with LQTS ineffective or intolerant to drug therapy. However, high-risk patients are still at a high risk of sudden death after surgery and should be actively monitored and protected by combined therapies.

Renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: where do we stand after more than a decade / Denervação simpática renal para hipertensão resistente: situação depois de mais de uma década

Abstract Despite the current availability of safe and efficient drugs for treating hypertension, a substantial number of patients are drug-resistant hypertensives. Aiming this condition, a relatively new approach named catheter-based renal denervation was developed. We have now a clinically relevant time window to review the efficacy of renal denervation for treating this form of hypertension. This short review addresses the physiological contribution of renal sympathetic nerves for blood pressure control and discusses the pros and cons of renal denervation procedure for the treatment of resistant hypertension.

Resumo Em que pese a atual disponibilidade de medicamentos seguros e eficientes para o tratamento da hipertensão, um número significativo de pacientes sofre de hipertensão arterial resistente a tratamento medicamentoso. Em vista dessa condição, foi desenvolvida uma abordagem relativamente nova, denominada denervação renal por cateter. Dispomos atualmente de uma janela de tempo clinicamente relevante para analisar a eficácia da denervação renal no tratamento dessa modalidade de hipertensão. A presente revisão aborda a contribuição fisiológica dos nervos renais simpáticos no controle da pressão arterial e discute os prós e contras do procedimento de denervação renal no tratamento da hipertensão resistente.

Simpatectomia bilateral R5-R8 no tratamento de hiperidrose compensatória: análise de complicações e satisfação dos pacientes / Bilateral R5-R8 sympathectomy for compensatory hyperhidrosis: complications and patient satisfaction

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos a simpatectomia torácica bilateral de R5 a R8 como forma de tratamento da hiperidrose compensatória (HC) grave e debilitante em pacientes que foram previamente submetidos a simpatectomia torácica bilateral para tratamento da hiperidrose localizada. Métodos: Doze pacientes com hiperidrose compensatória grave e debilitante foram submetidos a simpatectomia estendida no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brasil, entre setembro de 2016 e maio de 2019. Os seguintes desfechos foram estudados: nível de satisfação com a operação, escore de qualidade de vida e as possíveis complicações cirúrgicas. Resultados: Houve significativa melhora na qualidade de vida em 66% da amostra. Em todas as esferas de função, foi evidenciada relevância estatística no que se refere ao alívio dos sintomas relacionados à hiperidrose compensatória. Conclusões: A simpatectomia estendida de R5 a R8 mostrou-se efetiva na maioria dos casos operados, caracterizando este procedimento como promissor, podendo, após estudos futuros, ser incluído como uma opção terapêutica para a hiperidrose compensatória.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of life of patients who had undergone bilateral thoracic sympathectomy from R5 to R8 as a treatment for severe and debilitating compensatory hyperhidrosis (CH). Methods: Twelve patients with severe and debilitating compensatory hyperhidrosis underwent extended sympathectomy (R5-R8) from September 2016 to May 2019 at the Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil. Outcomes such as the level of patient satisfaction with the operation, quality of life scores as well as postoperative complications were assessed. Results: There has been a substantial improvement in the quality of life score of 66% of the sample. In all four domains, a statistical significant difference was seen, regarding the relief of compensatory hyperhidrosis symptoms. Conclusions: Extended sympathectomy from R5 to R8 was shown to be quite effective in most cases, leading us to believe that this approach could be a therapeutic option for severe compensatory hyperhidrosis.

Minilaparoscopic lumbar sympathectomy with 3 mm instruments for plantar hyperhidrosis / Simpatectomia lombar endoscópica com microinstrumental de 3 mm para hiperidrose plantar

Abstract Severe palmoplantar hyperhidrosis affects about 1.5-2.8% of the general population. Plantar hyperhidrosis (PHH) is related to foot odor, cold feet, skin lesions and infections, and even instability when walking. Endoscopic Lumbar Sympathectomy (ELS) is the treatment of choice for this condition. However, few surgeons have used this technique over the past 20 years because of its technical difficulty. Two and 3 mm instruments, rather than the standard 5 mm instruments, have been used to improve the results of several standard laparoscopic procedures. Use of these minilaparoscopic instruments to perform ELS so far has not yet been published. We describe a technique for ELS using minilaparocopic instruments, which we have used for our last 70 cases and has become our standard technique. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique and its advantages compared to the conventional technique.

Resumo A hiperidrose palmoplantar grave afeta cerca de 1,5-2,8% da população geral. A hiperidrose plantar está relacionada a odor dos pés, pés frios, lesões cutâneas, infecções, e até instabilidade da marcha. A simpatectomia lombar endoscópica (endoscopic lumbar sympathectomy, ELS) é o tratamento de escolha para essa condição; entretanto, tem sido utilizada por poucos cirurgiões nos últimos 20 anos, devido à sua dificuldade técnica. Instrumentos de 2 e 3 mm em vez de 5 mm vêm sendo utilizados para melhorar os resultados de vários procedimentos laparoscópicos padrão. O uso desses instrumentos para realizar ELS ainda não foi descrito. Descrevemos a técnica para ELS usando microinstrumentos, a qual vem sendo usada para os nossos últimos 70 casos, pois passou a ser nosso procedimento padrão. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar a experiência com essa modificação técnica, assinalando as vantagens em relação à técnica tradicional.

Cardiac sympathetic denervation for conventional treatment refractory arrhythmias / Denervación simpática cardíaca en arritmias refractarias al tratamiento convencional

Abstract Objective: Cardiac sympathetic denervation (CSD) using video-assisted thoracoscopy is a therapeutic alternative for cardiac arrhythmias refractory to conventional treatment in patients with ventricular structural heart disease, mainly due to ischemia, and in patients with hereditary conditions associated with sudden death such as long QT syndrome. In general, it is performed in cases with recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia or electrical storm, in spite of conventional treatment. The objective of this study is to show the experience of this institution with DSCI in refractory patients to conventional management and the results derived from its application. Methods: This was an observational retrospective study. The records of patients with a history of ventricular arrhythmias treated in our center with pharmacological treatment, catheter ablation, or implantation of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), who underwent video-assisted CSD were analyzed and described. Results: A total of six patients were included in the study. Patients with structural heart disease were the most frequent, median age was 56 � 16 years; 67% were male. The procedure evolved without complications in any of the patients and an overall significant improvement was observed. A 24-month follow-up was conducted; two patients had recurrence episodes presenting as slow ventricular tachycardia without severe symptoms and a third patient presented an episode of ventricular fibrillation aborted by the ICD. Conclusion: Video-assisted CSD should be considered as a treatment option for patients with potentially dangerous arrhythmias that do not respond to conventional treatment, especially in recurrent ventricular tachycardia.

Resumen Objetivo: La denervación simpática cardiaca izquierda (DSCI) por toracoscopia se ha convertido en una alternativa terapéutica para el manejo de arritmias cardíacas refractarias al tratamiento convencional en pacientes con cardiopatía estructural, principalmente isquémicos, y enfermedades hereditarias asociadas con muerte súbita como el síndrome de QT largo. Generalmente se realiza en quienes manifiestan episodios recurrentes de arritmias ventriculares o incluso tormenta eléctrica a pesar del tratamiento convencional. El objetivo de este estudio es mostrar la experiencia de esta institución con la DSCI en pacientes refractarios al manejo convencional y los resultados derivados de su aplicación. Métodos: Se revisaron los registros de 6 pacientes con antecedente de arritmias ventriculares tratados previamente con medicamentos y en algunos casos con ablación con catéter y la mayoría con desfibrilador automático implantable, que fueron llevados DSCI por toracoscopia video-asistida (VATS). Resultados: La principal enfermedad de base fue la cardiopatía estructural, la indicación más prevalente fue tormenta arrítmica incontrolable, la edad promedio fue de 56 +- 16 años, el 67% de los individuos fueron hombres. Este procedimiento no mostró complicaciones en ninguno de los pacientes y se encontró mejoría sintomática en todos los casos. Se realizó seguimiento por 24 meses; dos pacientes tuvieron recurrencias por taquicardia ventricular lenta sin síntomas severos y uno por fibrilación ventricular. Conclusion: La DSCI por VATS debe considerarse como opción terapéutica para pacientes con arritmias de difícil manejo.

Simpatectomia torácica por videotoracoscopia: revisão da literatura / Video-assisted thoracic sympathectomy: literature review

RESUMO A simpatectomia toracoscópica mostrou-se eficaz no alívio da hiperidrose em diversos pacientes, com melhora da qualidade de vida. O conhecimento do quadro clínico de cada paciente, assim como, as possíveis complicações pós-operatórias, são fundamentais para a obtenção de bons resultados. Deste modo, foi realizada uma revisão na base de dados PubMed de artigos publicados entre 2005 e 2019 que apresentavam como temática principal a simpatectomia realizada por videotoracoscopia para o tratamento da hiperidrose, com o objetivo de avaliar o atual estado da arte referente à qualidade de vida pós-operatória, o tempo de cirurgia e as suas complicações. A partir desta análise, verificou-se a importância do nível de secção da cadeia ganglionar simpática em relação aos resultados. As complicações, apesar de ocorrerem, não reduziram o nível de satisfação e qualidade de vida pós-operatória dos pacientes.

ABSTRACT. Thoracic sympathectomy has been effective in relieving hyperhidrosis in several patients, with quality of life improvement. The knowledge of the clinical picture of each patient, as well as the possible postoperative complications, are fundamental to obtain good results. Thus, we performed a review of articles from the PubMed database published between 2005 and 2019 that presented, as the main topic, thoracoscopy sympathectomy for the treatment of hyperhidrosis, with the objective of evaluating the current state of art referring to postoperative quality of life, surgical time and its complications. From this analysis, we verified the importance of the level of sympathetic ganglion chain section in relation to results. The complication, although occurring, did not reduced the postoperative level of satisfaction or patients' quality of life.

Longitudinal follow-up of cardiac vagal activity in individuals undergoing endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy / Acompanhamento longitudinal da atividade vagal cardíaca de indivíduos submetidos à simpatectomia torácica endoscópica

ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct a longitudinal investigation of cardiac vagal activity (CVA) by measuring resting HR and calculating the cardiac vagal index (CVI) in individuals undergoing sympathectomy for the treatment of primary hyperhidrosis. Methods: This was a descriptive longitudinal study involving 22 patients, 13 of whom were female. The mean age was 22.5 ± 8.8 years. The palms, soles, and axillae were the most commonly affected sites. Resting HR was measured by an electrocardiogram performed 20 min before the 4-second exercise test (4sET), which was used in order to evaluate CVA at three different time points: before surgery, one month after surgery, and four years after surgery. Results: Resting HR (expressed as mean ± SE) was found to have decreased significantly at 1 month after surgery (73.1 ± 1.6 bpm before surgery vs. 69.7 ± 1.2 bpm at one month after surgery; p = 0.01). However, the HR values obtained at four years after surgery tended to be similar to those obtained before surgery (p = 0.31). The CVI (expressed as mean ± SE) was found to have increased significantly at one month after surgery (1.44 ± 0.04 before surgery vs. 1.53 ± 0.03 at one month after surgery; p = 0.02). However, the CVI obtained at four years after surgery tended to be similar to that obtained before surgery (p = 0.10). Conclusions: At one month after sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis, patients present with changes in resting HR and CVA, both of which tend to return to baseline at four years after surgery.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar longitudinalmente o comportamento da atividade vagal cardíaca (AVC) por meio da FC de repouso e do índice vagal cardíaco (IVC) de indivíduos submetidos à simpatectomia para o tratamento de hiperidrose primária. Métodos: Estudo de natureza descritiva e longitudinal que avaliou 22 pacientes (13 mulheres), com média de idade de 22,5 ± 8,8 anos. Os locais mais afetados eram as mãos, pés e axilas. A FC de repouso média foi mensurada através de eletrocardiograma 20 min antes do teste de exercício de 4 segundos (T4s), que foi utilizado para a avaliação da AVC em três momentos: antes da cirurgia, um mês após a cirurgia e quatro anos após a cirurgia. Resultados: A média ± erro-padrão da FC de repouso apresentou uma redução significativa entre a avaliação pré-operatória e um mês após a cirurgia (73,1 ± 1,6 bpm vs. 69,7 ± 1,2 bpm; p = 0,01), tendendo a retornar aos valores pré-operatórios quatro anos após a cirurgia (p = 0,31). Houve um aumento significativo do IVC entre o pré-operatório e um mês após a cirurgia (1,44 ± 0,04 vs. 1,53 ± 0,03; p = 0,02), tendendo também a retornar próximo aos valores do pré-operatório após quatro anos da cirurgia (p = 0,10). Conclusões: A simpatectomia resultou em alteração na FC de repouso e na AVC um mês após a cirurgia, retornando, após quatro anos, aos valores próximos do pré-operatório.

Simpatectomía torácica, solución para hiperhidrosis / Toracic Sympathectomy, solution for hyperhidrosis

PREFACE: Videothoracoscopic sympathectomy (VTS) is the gold standard treatment for the upper extremity hyperhidrosis (HH) because it is safe and has good results. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate retrospectively the long term results of VTS for the treatment of HH on 50 operated patients in the Maule Region from the year 2003 to september of 2015. METHODS: For axillary HH a T2 to T4 VTS was performed, and T3 VTS for palmar HH. All the patients were operated bilaterally through 2 axillary ports. The operatory sucess was evaluated through the persistence or not of sweating of the palm and armpit. Also, all the complications associated were registered. RESULTS: The procedure was successful in 96% of the patients, who reached anhidrosis in the palms and armpits. The most common complication was compensatory sweating, minimal to mild in 28% of the patients aproximately, severe only in one case; intense post operatory pain in 3 cases and sympathyc reinervation in 2 cases. There was no Infection, Horner syndrome, inthercostal arthery injury or mortality reported. CONCLUSION: The billateral VTS is an effective and safe procedure to obtain anhidrosis in patients with upper extremity hyperhidrosys.

Bezold-Jarisch reflex in a patient undergoing endoscopic sympathectomy for management of refractory angina pectoris: a case report / Reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch em paciente submetida à simpatectomia endoscópica para tratamento de angina pectoris refratária: relato de caso

Abstract Background and objectives Ischemic cardiomyopathy is characterized by imbalance between supply and demand of myocardial oxygen. Endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy is a therapeutic option indicated in refractory cases. However, the patient's position on the operating table may favor ischemic coronary events triggering the Bezold-Jarisch reflex. Case report A female patient, 47 years old, with refractory ischemic cardiomyopathy, admitted to the operating room for endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy, developed the Bezold- Jarisch reflex with severe bradycardia and hypotension after placement in semi-sitting position to the procedure. Conclusion Bradyarrhythmia, hypotension, and asystole are complications potentially associated with patient placement in a semi-sitting position, particularly in cases with previous ischemic heart disease.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos A cardiomiopatia isquêmica caracteriza-se pelo desbalanço entre a oferta e o consumo de oxigênio pelo miocárdio. A simpatectomia transtorácica endoscópica é uma opção terapêutica indicada nos casos refratários. Contudo, a posição do paciente na mesa cirúrgica pode favorecer eventos coronarianos isquêmicos e deflagrar o reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch. Relato de caso Paciente do sexo feminino, 47 anos, portadora de cardiomiopatia isquêmica refratária, admitida na sala de cirurgia para simpatectomia transtorácica endoscópica, deflagrou o reflexo de Bezold-Jarisch e desenvolveu bradicardia e hipotensão graves logo após colocação em posição semissentada para o procedimento. Conclusão Bradiarritmia, hipotensão e assistolia são complicações potencialmente associadas à colocação do paciente em posição semissentada, especialmente nos casos em que há prévio comprometimento isquêmico do coração.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de pacientes portadores de hiperidrose primária submetidos à simpatectomia videotoracoscópica / Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis submitted to videothoracoscopic sympathectomy

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à simpatectomia por videotoracoscopia para tratamento de hiperidrose primária. Métodos: foram avaliados os pacientes submetidos à simpatectomia por videotoracoscopia para tratamento de hiperidrose primária pela equipe de cirurgia torácica do Hospital Universitário Gafrée e Guinle-UNIRIO entre julho de 2004 e agosto de 2013. Foi aplicado um questionário sobre qualidade de vida relacionada à hiperidrose desde o pré-operatório até um ano após a operação. Resultados: o questionário foi aplicado em 122 pacientes com média de idade de 25 anos, sendo 57% mulheres. Quanto à severidade da hiperidrose primária, 83% dos pacientes referiam como pouco tolerável ou intolerável, associada com grande limitação da qualidade de vida, sendo esta pobre ou muito pobre em 82% dos casos. No pós operatório a hiperidrose compensatória ocorreu em 78% dos pacientes, entretanto foi considerada como imperceptível ou pouco perceptível por 85% destes pacientes, classificando-a como aceitável. Em 15% dos pacientes a hiperidrose compensatória foi classificada como perturbadora. Conclusão: a simpatectomia videotoracoscópica melhora a qualidade de vida dos pacientes com hiperidrose primária. A hiperidrose compensatória transitória ocorreu na maioria dos pacientes, mas não alterou de maneira significativa a melhora da qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the quality of life of patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopy for primary hyperhidrosis. Methods: we evaluated the patients who underwent thoracoscopic sympathectomy to treat primary hyperhidrosis by the team of thoracic surgery at the University Hospital Gaffrée and Guinle - UNIRIO between July 2004 and August 2013. It was applied a questionnaire about quality of life related to hyperhidrosis since preoperative period until one year after the surgery. Results: one hundred twenty two patients answered the questionnaire, with a mean age of 25 years, 57% of whom were women. In relation to severity of primary hyperhidrosis, 83% of the patients reported as tolerable or somewhat tolerable associated with major limitation of quality of life, which it was poor or very poor in 82% of cases. Postoperative compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in 78% of patients, but it was regarded as invisible or barely noticeable for 85% of these patients, classifying it as acceptable. In 15% of patients, the compensatory sweating was classified as disruptive. Conclusion: thoracoscopic sympathectomy improves the quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis. The transitional compensatory hyperhidrosis occurred in most patients, but did not improve significantly the quality of life.

Effects and Mechanisms of Radiofrequency Ablation of Renal Sympathetic Nerve on Anti-Hypertension in Canine / Efeitos e Mecanismos da Denervação Simpática Renal por Radiofrequência na Anti-Hipertensão em Cães

Abstract Background: Radiofrequency ablation of renal sympathetic nerve (RDN) shows effective BP reduction in hypertensive patients while the specific mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: We hypothesized that abnormal levels of norepinephrine (NE) and changes in NE-related enzymes and angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) and Mas receptor mediate the anti-hypertensive effects of RDN. Methods: Mean values of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Plasma and renal norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were determined using highperformance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, and levels of NE-related enzyme and ACE2-Ang(1-7)- Mas were measured using real time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry or Elisa in a hypertensive canine model fed with high-fat diet and treated with RDN. The parameters were also determined in a sham group treated with renal arteriography and a control group fed with normal diet. Results: RDN decreased SBP, DBP, MAP, plasma and renal NE. Compared with the sham group, renal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was lower and renalase expression was higher in the RDN group. Compared with the control group, renal TH and catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) were higher and renalase was lower in the sham group. Moreover, renal ACE2, Ang-(1-7) and Mas levels of the RDN group were higher than those of the sham group, which were lower than those of the control group. Conclusion: RDN shows anti-hypertensive effect with reduced NE and activation of ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas, indicating that it may contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of RDN.

Resumo Fundamentos: A denervação simpática renal por radiofrequência (DSR) mostra redução eficaz da pressão arterial (PA) de pacientes hipertensos, ainda que os mecanismos específicos permaneçam obscuros. Objetivo: Fizemos a hipótese de que níveis alterados de noradrenalina (NA) e mudanças nas enzimas relacionadas à NA e enzima conversora de angiotensina 2 (ECA-2), angiotensina (Ang)-(1-7) e receptor Mas são mediadores dos efeitos antihipertensivos da DSR. Métodos: Foram avaliados os valores médios de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD) e pressão arterial média (PAM) no início e durante o seguimento. Foram medidas as concentrações plasmática e renal de noradrenalina (NA) por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção eletroquímica, e os níveis de enzima relacionada à NA e ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas através de PCR em tempo real, Western blot e imunohistoquímica ou Elisa em um modelo canino de hipertensão que recebeu ração rica em gordura e foi tratado com DSR. Os parâmetros também foram determinados em um grupo de cirurgia simulada submetido à arteriografia renal e em um grupo controle que recebeu dieta normal. Resultados: DSR causou diminuição da PAS, PAD, PAM e das concentrações plasmática e renal de NA. Em comparação ao grupo placebo, a expressão da tirosina hidroxilase (TH) renal foi menor e a da renalase foi maior no grupo DSR. Em comparação ao grupo controle, os níveis de TH renal e de catecol-o-metil-transferase (COMT) foram maiores e os de renalase foram menores no grupo cirurgia simulada. Além disso, os níveis renais de ECA2, Ang-(1-7) e Mas foram maiores no grupo DSR do que no grupo cirurgia simulada, que, por sua vez, foram menores do que no grupo controle. Conclusões: A DSR mostra efeitos anti-hipertensivos com redução da NA e ativação da ECA2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas, o que indica que pode contribuir com o efeito anti-hipertensivo da DSR.

La simpaticotomía videtoracoscópica en el tratamiento de la hipehidrosis palmar / Videothoracoscopic simpathicotomy on the treatment of palmar hyperidrosis

Introducción: la simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica es actualmente la técnica quirúrgica de elección en el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis esencial o primaria. Sus ventajas relacionadas con su sencillez, menor posibilidades de complicaciones transoperatorias, un tiempo quirúrgico notablemente más corto y consecuentemente menor exposición a los agentes anestésicos, mejor relación riesgo/beneficio, mejor recuperación y la disminución de los efectos secundarios como el sudor compensatorio y el alto nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes, justifican su realización. Objetivo: analizar los resultados de la generalización de la simpaticotomía T3-T4 en el tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis palmar. Método: estudio de corte transversal, observacional y descriptivo de los pacientes intervenidos por videotoracoscopia, en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso con el diagnóstico de hiperhidrosis primaria palmar; a los cuales se les realizó simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre del 2015. En la evaluación de los pacientes se tienen en cuenta las variables aceptadas internacionalmente: curación, efectos secundarios, complicaciones y la mejoría psíquica dada por el nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes. Resultados: se logró un 97,69 por ciento de curación de la enfermedad. La sudoración compensatoria se presentó en 48,1 por ciento de los pacientes y el nivel de satisfacción fue de 97 por ciento, logrando una mejoría evidente del estado psicológico de los mismos. Conclusiones: la simpaticotomía videotoracoscópica T3-T4 es efectiva en el tratamiento de los pacientes afectos de hiperhidrosis palmar(AU)

Introduction: Videothoracoscopic sympathicotomy is currently the surgical technique of choice in the treatment of primary or essential hyperhidrosis. Its advantages related to its simplicity, fewer possibilities of transoperative complications, remarkably shorter surgical time and consequently less exposure to anesthetic agents, better risk / benefit ratio, better recovery, limited side effects such as compensatory sweat and high level of patient satisfaction support the performance of this procedure. Objective: To analyze the results of the generalization of the T3-T4 sympathicotomy in the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Method: A cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study of patients with diagnosis of palmar primary hyperhidrosis, who underwent videothoracoscopic sympathicotomy at the National Center for Minimal Access Surgery from January 2011 to December 2015. The patient assessment took into account internationally accepted variables such as healing, side effects, complications and psychic improvement according to the level of satisfaction of the patients. Results: Recovery from disease reached 97.69 percent, compensatory sweating occurred in 48.1 percent of patients and the level of satisfaction was 97 percent, thus achieving clear improvement of the psychological state of patients.. Conclusions: Videothoracoscopic sympathicotomy T3-T4 is effective in the treatment of patients with palmar hyperhidrosis(AU)

Palmar hyperhidrosis: clinical, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects

Abstract Palmar hyperhidrosis affects up to 3% of the population and inflict significant impact on quality of life. It is characterized by chronic excessive sweating, not related to the necessity of heat loss. It evolves from a localized hyperactivity of the sympathetic autonomic system and can be triggered by stressful events. In this study, the authors discuss clinical findings, pathophysiological, diagnostic and therapeutic issues (clinical and surgical) related to palmar hyperhidrosis.

Denervação renal simpática associada a reisolamento de veia pulmonar em pacientes com fibrilação atrial persistente de longa duração e hipertensão resistente: funciona? / Renal sympathetic denervation combined to pulmonary vein re-isolation in patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation and resistant hypertension: does it work?

Relato de 5 casos de pacientes com fibrilação atrial persistente de longa duração refratários ao tratamento com fármacos antiarrítmicos e submetidos a ablação da fibrilação atrial por cateter há pelo menos 12 meses. Os pacientes apresentavam as mesmas queixas, estavam utilizando os mesmos medicamentos, eram portadores de hipertensão resistente e de outras comorbidades, e voltaram a apresentar fibrilação atrial persistente de longa duração. Todos foram submetidos a denervação renal simpática associada a reisolamento das veias pulmonares e passaram a apresentar redução significativa da pressão arterial, tanto sistólica como diastólica, aferida no consultório e por monitorização ambulatorial da pressão arterial de 24 horas após o procedimento. Mesmo após o imediato sucesso do procedimento, com recuperação do ritmo sinusal, em menos de 12 meses os pacientes tiveram recorrência de fibrilação atrial persistente. Observou-se, porém, redução do volume do átrio esquerdo 12 meses após o procedimento. Conclui-se que a denervação renal simpática foi eficaz no controle da pressão arterial, com consequente redução do volume do átrio esquerdo

Case report of 5 patients with persistent long-standing atrial fibrillation refractory to treatment with antiarrhythmic drugs undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation by catheter for at least 12 months. Patients had the same complaints, were using the same drugs, were carriers of resistant hypertension and other comorbidities and resumed persistent long-standing atrial fibrillation. All of them were submitted to renal sympathetic denervation combined to re-isolation of the pulmonary veins and had a significant systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction, measured at the clinic and by 24-hour outpatient monitoring after the procedure. Even after the immediate success of the procedure, with the recovery of sinus rhythm, in less than 12 months patients had a recurrence of persistent atrial fibrillation. However, a reduction in the volume of the left atrium was observed 12 months after the procedure. It is concluded that sympathetic renal denervation was effective in blood pressure control with consequent reduction of left atrial volume

Relationship between anxiety, depression and quality of life with the intensity of reflex sweating after thoracoscopic sympathectomy for treatment of primary hyperhidrosis / Relação entre ansiedade, depressão e qualidade de vida com a intensidade da sudorese reflexa após simpatectomia torácica por videocirurgia para tratamento da hiperidrose primária

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the intensity of reflex sweating with the degree of anxiety and its interference in the quality of life of patients undergoing Thoracoscopic (VATS) sympathectomy in the pre- and postoperative period. Methods: we evaluated 54 patients with a mean age of 26 years (16-49 years) undergoing sympathectomy in the R3-R4 level. We applied two questionnaires at three different times: "Quality of life in patients with primary hyperhidrosis" and "Scale for anxiety and depression". Results: of the patients studied, 93% showed significant improvement in quality of life 30 days after surgery, the effects remaining after six months. There were no postoperative complications. The patient's level of anxiety is highly correlated with the intensity of reflex sweating after 30 and 180 days. Conclusion: Thoracoscopic sympathectomy improves quality of life of patients with primary hyperhidrosis, even with the emergence of reflex sweating. Anxiety directly relates to the intensity of reflex sweating, without compromising the degree of patient satisfaction.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a intensidade de sudorese reflexa com o grau de ansiedade e sua interferência na qualidade de vida de indivíduos submetidos à simpatectomia por videotoracoscopia nos períodos pré e pós-operatório. Métodos: foram avaliados 54 pacientes com média de idade de 26 anos (16 a 49 anos), submetidos à simpatectomia em nível R3-R4. Dois questionários foram aplicados em três momentos diferentes: "Qualidade de vida em pacientes com hiperidrose primária e "Escala para ansiedade e depressão". Resultados: dos pacientes estudados, 93% mostrou melhora significativa na qualidade de vida após 30 dias da cirurgia, com os efeitos remanescentes após seis meses. Não houve complicações pós-operatórias. A análise mostrou que o nível de ansiedade do paciente é altamente correlacionado com a intensidade da sudorese reflexa após 30 e 180 dias. Conclusão: a simpatectomia torácica por videotoracoscopia melhora a qualidade de vida de pacientes com hiperidrose primária, mesmo com o surgimento de sudorese reflexa. A ansiedade está diretamente relacionada com a intensidade da sudorese reflexa, sem comprometer o grau de satisfação do paciente.

Doença renal crônica e fatores de risco para morte súbita cardíaca ­ denervação renal simpática: um sopro de esperança? / Chronic kidney disease and risk factors responsible for sudden cardiac death ­ renal sympathetic denervation: a whiff of hope?

Vários estudos têm demonstrado forte associação independente entre doença renal crônica e eventos cardiovasculares, incluindo morte, insuficiência cardíaca e infarto do miocárdio. Ensaios clínicos recentes estendem essa gama de eventos adversos cardiovasculares, incluindo também arritmias ventriculares e morte súbita cardíaca. Além disso, outros estudos sugerem remodelação estrutural do coração e alterações eletrofisiológicas nessa população. Esses processos podem explicar o aumento do risco de arritmia na doença renal crônica e ajudam a identificar os pacientes que possuem maior risco de morte súbita cardíaca. A hiperatividade simpática é bem conhecida por aumentar o risco cardiovascular em pacientes com doença renal crônica e é uma marca registrada do estado hipertensivo essencial, que ocorre precocemente no curso clínico da doença. Nessa afecção, a hiperatividade simpática parece ser expressa em sua fase clínica mais precoce, mostrando relação direta com a gravidade do estágio da insuficiência renal, sendo mais acentuada em sua fase terminal. A atividade nervosa simpática eferente e aferente na insuficiência renal é mediadora-chave para manutenção e progressão da doença. O objetivo desta revisão foi mostrar que o circuito fechado de realimentação do ciclo, em decorrência da hiperatividade adrenérgica, também agrava muitos dos fatores de risco responsáveis por causar morte súbita cardíaca, podendo ser um alvo potencial modificável pela denervação renal simpática percutânea. Pouco se sabe, ainda, sobre a viabilidade e a eficácia da denervação renal simpática percutânea na doença renal terminal

Several studies have shown a strong independent association between chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular events, including death, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. Recent clinical trials extend this array of adverse cardiovascular events, also including ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Furthermore, other studies suggest structural remodeling of the heart and electrophysiological alterations in this population. These processes may explain the increased risk of arrhythmia in kidney disease and help to identify patients who are at increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Sympathetic hyperactivity is well known to increase cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease patients and is typical of the essential hypertensive state that occurs early in the clinical course of the disease. In chronic kidney disease, sympathetic hyperactivity seems to be expressed at the earliest clinical stage of the disease, showing a direct relationship with the severity of renal failure, being more pronounced in the end stage of chronic kidney disease. Efferent and afferent sympathetic neural activity in kidney failure is a key mediator for the maintenance and progression of the disease. The aim of this review was to demonstrate that the feedback loop of this cycle, due to adrenergic hyperactivity, also aggravates many of the risk factors for sudden cardiac death and may be a potential target modifiable by percutaneous sympathetic renal denervation. Little is known whether it is feasible and effective in end-stage renal disease.

Tempestade elétrica em portadores de cardiodesfibriladores automáticos implantáveis / Electrical storm in patients with automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillators

A tempestade elétrica em portadores de cardiodesfibriladores implantáveis é a ocorrência de pelo menos três intervenções apropriadas, resultante de taquicardia ventricular ou fibrilação ventricular, em 24 horas. É preditor de mau prognóstico e a terapia varia de medicamentos até transplante cardíaco. Este estudo teve por objetivo revisar orientações de diagnóstico e prevenção, visando ao tratamento (farmacológico, intervencionista e cirúrgico) da tempestade elétrica em portadores desses dispositivos. Compilamos publicações no Medline/PubMed e em revistas nacionais. O tratamento das condições basais e desencadeantes, como insuficiência cardíaca e insuficiência coronária, reduziu a morte súbita. A miodarona, betabloqueadores, lidocaína e magnésio são a base terapêutica. A ablação por cateter reduz arritmias e choques, estabiliza o ritmo e melhora o prognóstico. A taquicardia ventricular com substrato permite a abordagem de um circuito estável. A compreensão dos mecanismos e as melhorias no mapeamento eletrofisiológico possibilitam seu uso na fibrilação ventricular. Diferentes condições necessitam de abordagem cirúrgica, eliminando focos arritmogênicos e/ou permitindo o remodelamento,utilizando ressincronização, tratamentos para coronariopatia, valvopatias e cardiopatias congênitas, ressecção endocárdica guiada por eletrofisiologia e transplante em pacientes refratários. Atuando no sistema nervoso, aneuromodulação é alternativa. Durante anestesia peridural torácica, a denervação simpática cardíaca tem efeitos consistentes e persistentes. De modo semelhante à denervação simpática renal, pode ser um novo horizonte. Concluímos que identificar a causa é fundamental. O tratamento dos fatores causais melhora o controle e o prognóstico. Amiodarona, bloqueadores beta-adrenérgicos, lidocaína e magnésio são opções. Procedimento ablativo deve ser ponderado para taquicardia e fibrilação ventricular. Abordagem cirúrgica e neuromodulação...

Electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator is the occurrence of at least three appropriate interventions resulting from tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation within 24 hours. It a predictor of poor prognosis and its treatment may vary from drug therapy to heart transplantation. Our objectivewas to review diagnostic and prevention guidelines aiming at the treatment (drug therapy, interventional and surgical treatment) of electrical storm in patients using these devices. We analyzed publications from Medline/PubMed and Brazilian medical journals. The treatment of baseline conditions and triggers, such as heart failure and coronary insufficiency, reduced sudden death. Amiodarone, betablockers, lidocaine and magnesium are the therapeutic basis. Catheter ablation reduces shock and arrhythmia, stabilizes rhythm and improves prognosis. Ventricular tachycardia with substratum allows the approach of a stable circuit. Understanding the mechanismsand improvements in electrophysiological mapping enables the use of catheter ablation in ventricular fibrillation.Different conditions require a surgical approach, eliminating arrhythmogenic cores and/or allowing cardiac remodeling, using cardiac resynchronization therapy, treatment for coronary artery disease, valve disease,congenital heart disease, electrophysiology-guided endocardial resection and heart transplantation in refractory patients. Neuromodulation is an alternative that acts on the nervous system. During thoracic epidural anesthesia, cardiac sympathetic denervation has consistent and persisting effects. Similarly, renal denervation may be anotherfuture possibility. In conclusion, identifying the cause is essential. Treatment of baseline factors improves control and prognosis. Amiodarone, betablockers, lidocaine and magnesium are pharmacological options. Catheterablation may be considered for tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. Surgical approach and neuromodulation...